lung function test interpretation

A low FRC is produced by supine position, small stature, and all the factors which influence lung and chest wall compliance (emphysema, ARDS, PEEP or auto-PEEP, open chest, increased intraabdominal pressure, pregnancy, obesity, anaesthesia and paralysis). However, not all of them always produce the classic picture described here. ", "Standardisation of the measurement of lung volumes. 4. And, as noted in section 12H (, Different experts follow different approaches to interpretation of pulmonary function tests. Consider ordering maximal respiratory pressure tests (see, Does the subject have a major airway lesion? A forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of 50% of predicted portends future disabling disease. Unless otherwise specified, the definitions reproduced below were derived from these guideline statements. If so, either obstruction or restriction could be the cause (see Fig. Methacholine challenge testing is done if bronchospasm remains a distinct possibility. As a test of respiratory function it is made more meaningful by its use in a comparison with the FVC: FEV1/ FVC ratio: This is the ratio of gas expired over  the first second to the total FVC. Gives clues about unusual conditions, such as the following: Plateau on curve may indicate a central airway obstructive process (see, Normal variant curve (tracheal plateau) common in young adults, especially women (see, Inspiratory obstruction with variable extrathoracic obstruction (see, Expiratory obstruction with variable intrathoracic (tracheal) obstruction (see. method of assessing lung function by measuring the volume of air that the patient is able to expel from the lungs after a maximal inspiration Airway hyperreactivity can be documented in more than half the cases. 14-3. Those in which pulmonary function testing can be helpful are asthma, congestive heart failure, diffuse interstitial disease, and tracheal tumors. Although there are many other situations in which pulmonary function testing is indicated, for reasons that are unclear these tests are underutilized. Even if the clinical diagnosis of COPD is clear-cut, it is important to quantify the degree of impairment of pulmonary function. It might be pulmonary or cardiac in origin. Is there arterial oxygen desaturation at rest or with exercise? 2-6D, page 16). It could also represent poor effort. The earlier the rapid loss of function can be interrupted in the smoker, the greater will be the life expectancy. ISBN 1 897676 80 8. An isolated reduction in the DLCO (other tests within normal limits) should raise the possibility of pulmonary vascular disorders, such as scleroderma, primary pulmonary hypertension, recurrent emboli, and various vasculitides. These patterns are most frequent in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and polymyositis. Read about lung function test interpretation. The chest radiograph maybe interpreted as suggesting interstitial fibrosis, but the computed tomographic appearance is distinctly different. ERV (expiratory reserve volume) is the volume of gas that can be maximally exhaled from the end-expiratory level during tidal breathing. This summary was developed for use by internal medicine residents and pulmonary fellows at Mayo Clinic. MR), Secondary to vasculitis, pulmonary fibrosis, etc, High carboxyhaemoglobin level (i.e. A low TLC (below the 5th percentile of predicted) suggests restrictive lung disease, such as pulmonary fibrosis. Gas diffusion measurement: A recent review [2] concluded that obesity has an important but modest impact on the incidence and prevalence of asthma. If there is a flow-volume loop, is there any suggestion of a major airway lesion (Fig. Dermatomyositis: Muscle weakness and interstitial disease with low D. Cirrhosis of the liver: In some cases, arterial oxygen desaturation is found. Does the curve suggest obstruction (scooped out), restriction (shaped like a witch’s hat), or a special case (see below)? This is a physiological test which measures respiratory performance as a function of time and volume, which therefore incorporates flow (as flow is volume over time). 14D. It is aimed at junior doctors specialising in respiratory medicine and clinicians who have contact with … The MVV is usually the first routine test to have an abnormal result. There are two reasons for performing pulmonary function tests, including maximal respiratory pressure tests, in patients with neuromuscular disease. interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, establishing a subject’s baseline function and airway reactivity is justified. DLCO is the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, a measure of the efficiency of the lung as a gas exchange surface. A lung diffusion capacity test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your blood. "Interpretative strategies for lung function tests." Bronchodilator response is positive if either the FEV1 or FVC increases ≥12% and ≥200 mL. Educational aims 1. Poor patient performance due to weakness, lack of coordination, fatigue, coughing induced by the maneuver, or unwillingness to give maximal effort (best judged by the technician). Periodic (annual) monitoring with spirometry and bronchodilator (more often in severe cases). A summary of measurement and interpretation of these tests belongs in a table: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), Measurement of lung volumes and capacities, "Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. It is defined as "the volume of gas remaining in the lung after maximal exhalation", As with FRC, a high RV suggests expiratory gas trapping or bullous dead space. We determined the discrepancy rates in pulmonary function test interpretation between the GOLD/PP and LLN methods on prebronchodilator lung function results from a large number of adult patients from the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and the United States. ", "A stepwise approach to the interpretation of pulmonary function tests. Feedback after each question. As the process progresses, the maximal voluntary ventilation is next to decrease, followed by decreases in the FVC and TLC with accompanying impairment of gas exchange. 3. In the, Previous chapter: Oxygen tension - based indices of oxygenation, Next chapter: Carbon dioxide and oxygen response curves. a reduced TLC). Interpreting Lung Function Tests: A Step-by Step Guide provides unique guidance on the reporting of pulmonary function tests, including illustrative cases and sample reports. Even if smokers have minimal respiratory symptoms, they should be tested by age 40. Exactly what "decreased" means seems to vary. In years past, the effectiveness of therapy for pulmonary congestion was sometimes monitored by measuring changes in the vital capacity. González et al (2016) report their experience, where GBS patients with a peak flow less than 194 ml/s (~41% of predicted) were inevitably intubated on the following day. They should avoid making a full exhalation; the exhalation should mimic the quick exhalation used to blow out candles on a birthday cake. It should be impressed on the patient and family that asthma is a serious, potentially fatal disease and that it must be respected and appropriately monitored and treated. ", "2017 ERS/ATS standards for single-breath carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. A subset of patients have recurrent bouts of pneumonia presenting as small pulmonary infiltrates. carbon monoxide poisoning, Early interstitial lung disease (i.e. ), FIG. Poor choices made during these preparatory steps increase the risk of misclassification, i.e. 14-2)? It is expressed in ml/min/mmHg, and a value below 40% of predicted suggests a severe diffusion defect. Is the slope of the flow-volume curve increased (Fig. If the bronchodilator response is normal but concerns still exist, a methacholine challenge study (see Chapter 5) is indicated. The distinction is not always easy. The FEV1 declines an average of 60 mL/yr in persons with COPD who continue to smoke, compared with 25 to 30 mL/yr in normal subjects and persons who quit smoking. FIG. The increased chest wall impedance causes a restrictive pattern in some obese patients. The third uses a pulmonary function test “crib sheet” developed in the Mayo Clinic Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine as an instructional tool for residents and fellows. Gives clues about the presence of obstruction or restriction (see, Is the best indicator of test quality (see. If there is doubt, lung function testing, in addition to cardiac evaluation, is warranted. emphysema). online on Amazon.ae at best prices. ", "Peak expiratory flow: conclusions and recommendations of a Working Party of the European Respiratory Society. Resection in an otherwise normal lung also fits this pattern. European respiratory journal 10.24 (1997): 2s. It is important to be sure that the patient with apparent asthma really has this disease. Read our spirometry section in order to learn more about interpreting spirometry and other pulmonary function tests. However, one can envision how this topic might become relevant if the college ask about the changes in lung volumes which might be expected of a specific lung disease. Determination of maximal respiratory pressures should be considered (see, Does the patient have a major airway lesion? Lung compliance and recoil pressure at TLC. PEARL: In addition to patients with coronary artery disease, those with hypertension may need to be tested, especially if therapy with β-adrenergic blockers is planned. Because the DLCO is somewhat volume-dependent, it may be reduced. 1. Lutfi, Mohamed Faisal. The patient’s performance was poor because of weakness, lack of coordination, fatigue, coughing induced by the maneuver, or unwillingness to give a maximal effort (best judged by the technician). 2-3, page 10). Chest Research Foundation; Nitin Vanjare. 2005 Nov;26(5):948-68. doi: 10.1183/09031936.05.00035205. Follow-up testing with spirometry is usually adequate. Neurología (English Edition) 31.6 (2016): 389-394. fibrosis is already occurring, but the TLC and FVC have not had time to change). In 11,413 patients, the GOLD/PP method misclassified 24%. A final step in the lung function report is to answer the clinical question that prompted the test. Variable intrathoracic lesion. Dyspnea is often associated with either disorder. Some of the more common ones are listed below, followed by the commonly abnormal pulmonary function test result(s). Table 13-2 lists substances and occupations that can produce pulmonary abnormalities reflected in abnormal results of pulmonary tests. Failure to meet performance standards can result in unreliable test results (see the image below). As such, the KCO will not be confused by changes in lung volume, and is a more faithful representation of the gas diffusion efficiency. The most frequent causes of this type of restriction are listed in Table 12-2. This shows the typical pattern of development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A low DLCO is characteristic of emphysema (not as sensitive or specific as high-resolution computed tomography), whereas in asthma and some cases of obstructive chronic bronchitis DLCO is normal. The most common associated clinical conditions are asthma and obesity. The discussion, in minute detail, of the pathological correlations of each and every lung volume subdivision, would probably benefit nobody. The most frequent causes are listed in Table 13-1. Not infrequently, asthma is mistaken for recurrent attacks of bronchitis or pneumonia. There is reduced lung expansion (i.e. Office Spirometry: A Practical Guide to the Selection and Use of Spirometers. This can be done by body plethysmography, inert gas dilution or nitrogen washout. 13L. Early in the course of disorders causing muscular weakness (for example, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), maximal respiratory pressures may be reduced, but lung volume, FVC, FEV1, and MVV are still normal (see Table 12-1, page 112–113 and section 9D, page 97). The most commonly performed PFT’s include spirometry, plethysmography, and diffusion studies. Repeating spirometry every 1 to 2 years establishes the rate of decline of values such as the FEV1. In terms of reading material, the ideal single resource would have to be the 2005 article by Riccardo Pellegrino. In some cases, the predominant change is one of pure restriction with a normal FEV, The changes in pulmonary function tests associated with obesity are indicated in, Even if smokers have minimal respiratory symptoms, they should be tested by age 40. Rahul Kodgule. If so, any significant restriction is essentially ruled out. There is no universally accepted standard for interpretation, but the two most commonly cited standards have been the 1986 American Thoracic Society Disability Standard [, A spirogram (volume versus time curve) may be available; (see, Look at the flow-volume curve, the FVC, and the FEV, This is positive if there is a 20% decrease in FEV, Gas-dilution techniques (He dilution or N, A nonspecific pattern is sometimes termed a “spirometric restriction.” These patients have a low FEV, These are used to assess respiratory muscle strength. Together, these metrics have meaning in the scenario of long-term follow-up, but they are probably somewhat irrelevant in the impatient world of intensive care medicine, where instant gratification is all-important. 13E. For example, where the DLCO looks like interstitial lung disease, one would expect to see some restrictive-looking lung volumes. The cough is usually nonproductive. We have seen patients with dyspnea who have received elaborate, and expensive, cardiovascular studies before pulmonary function studies were done, and the lungs proved to be the cause of the dyspnea. The cough is usually nonproductive. The DLCO will decrease as the process improves. DLCO may be reduced in pulmonary hypertension, but it is insensitive for detecting cases. DLCO is normal or increased. Look at the flow-volume curve, the FVC, and the FEV1/FVC ratio: If the FEV1/FVC ratio is below the lower limit of normal (LLN) → obstruction algorithm, If the FEV1/FVC ratio is normal and the TLC is below the lower limit of normal → restriction algorithm, (Caution: In some cases the FEV1/FVC ratio is normal but obstruction is present. In Question 26.3 from the second Fellowship exam paper of 2018, the college presented candidates with just such a situation, where all the other variables were completely normal; the examiner comments were "problem is not in the lungs but with the blood flow i.e. ), 13B. Noté /5. A reduced FVC, reduced FEV, The MVV will, in most cases, change in a manner similar to that of the FEV. 14-2. Test mode. It is comprehensive yet accessible and focuses on the interpretation of abnormalities and on the possible sources of error. Examine the flow-volume curve and compare it with the normal predicted curve (see the Appendix for how to construct the normal curve). ", The patient then forcefully exhales into the spirometer nozzle, through their mouth, The patient continues to exhale until full expiration is achieved (for reliability, the ERS/ATS recommend recording at least six seconds of the expiratory time, The expiratory volume over time is graphed, and variables of spirometry are derived from the various features of that graph, There is a genuine diffusion defect, eg. Obese people may wheeze when they breathe near residual volume, sometimes called pseudo-asthma. The MVV is reduced in all three types of lesions shown in, Is the subject massively obese? They should confirm the interpretation already arrived at and fit the patterns given in Table 12-1, pages 112–113. These are used to assess respiratory muscle strength. Spirometry is the first test to have abnormal results. Is the diffusing capacity reduced? If the ratio is decreased, that means that there is some limitation to the rate of air egress from the lungs, which typically points to a diagnosis like COPD or asthma. Before PFT results can be reliably interpreted, three factors must be confirmed: (1) the volume-time curve reaches a plateau, and expiration lasts at least six seconds (Figure 2); (2) results of the two best efforts on the PFT are within 0.2 L of each other (Figure 3); and (3) the flow-volume loops are free of artifacts and abnormalities.5 If the patient's efforts yield flattened flow-volume loops, submaximal effort is most likely; however, central or upper airway obstruction should be considered. Some other parenchymal conditions that cause restriction are listed in Table 12-2. RV is the residual volume. This quiz contains a range of questions relating to lung function tests, from simple to very complex. Depending on the initial test results, additional studies may be indicated. This book adopts a step by step approach to the interpretation of lung function tests. In that scenario, the trainee might be able to signal their cleverness by  reproducing this excellent graph from an article by Mohammed Lutfi (2017), which is reproduced here with only the most minor modification: The measurement of oxygen diffusion capacity made so unpalatable by the need to sample arterial blood, usually this is something approximated from the diffusion of carbon monoxide. FEV1: Forced Expiratory Volume over 1 second: "the maximal volume of air exhaled in the first second of a forced expiration from a position of full inspiration". Spirometry measures the total amount of air you can breathe out from your lungs and how fast you can blow it Neurorespiratory Clinical Specialist . 14-5. The increased chest wall impedance causes a restrictive pattern in some obese patients. Remember that “not all that wheezes is asthma.” Major airway lesions can cause stridor or wheezing, which has been mistaken for asthma. A general approach to interpreting pulmonary function tests. RV decreases with any disease that globally decreases all lung volumes, for example, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and obesity. Several nonpulmonary conditions are frequently associated with altered pulmonary function. FVC: Forced Vital Capacity: "the maximal volume of air exhaled with maximally forced effort from a maximal inspiration, i.e. There is often associated cardiomegaly, which contributes to the restriction. Proceed to steps V, VI, and VII. DLCO maybe increased in (1) asthma, (2) obesity, (3) left-to-right shunt, (4) polycythemia, (5) hyperdynamic states, postexercise, (6) pulmonary hemorrhage, and (7) supine position. This chapter is most relevant to Section F9 (i) from the 2017 CICM Primary Syllabus, which expects the exam candidates to be able to "d escribe the measurement and interpretation of pulmonary function tests". Alternatively, one could represent the PEF more effectively by reporting flow over time, which would produce a graphic like this one, stolen from the ERS statement on PEF measurement (Quanjer et al, 1997): The couple of extra parameters here are the rise time (RT, the time it takes for the flow to get from 10% to 90% of the peak value), and the dwell time (DT,  the time spent at over 90% of peak flow). The second uses the test data without the flow-volume curve. It is probably also worth pointing out that DLCO may also be falsely increased in some situations, for example where there is pulmonary haemorrhage. In this respect, one study [1] found that male patients who had obstructive lung disease and gained weight after quitting smoking had a loss of 17.4 mL in FVC for every kilogram of weight gained. This approach applies even if the major abnormality appears to be nonpulmonary. The ATS instead use the "lower limit of normal" criteria from the fifth lowest percentile of spirometry data reported by the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). The patient has occult asthma. VC (vital capacity) is the volume change between the position of full inspiration and full expiration, i.e. Once FRC is determined, ERV and IC can be determined by spirometry, and then TLC can be determined by adding FRC and IC. TLC is the total lung capacity or the sum of all volume compartments. As such, it is an indicator of whether or not there is any airflow limitation. In 2005, the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society updated the pulmonary function interpretation strategies [3]. Graham, Brian L., et al. Results. The measurement of lung volumes by necessity requires the measurement of FRC. They should confirm the interpretation at which you have already arrived and fit the patterns in Table 12-1, pages 112–113. They can be used to identify the pat- tern and severity of a physiologic abnormali-ty, but used alone, they generally cannot dis-tinguish among the potential causes of the abnormalities. The innocuous cigarette cough may indicate significant airway obstruction. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. Typical flow-volume curves associated with lesions of the major airway (carina to mouth). A flow-volume loop also should be considered. utilizes the many references available on interpretation of lung function and provides a teaching/reference tool for report writing of lung function results routinely performed in clinical practice. PEARL: Rarely, an interstitial or alveolar pattern is associated with an increased DLCO. The FVC, TLC, and diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) must be reduced to be certain. Does the patient have a neuromuscular disorder? It is composed of ERV and RV, and is usually 30-35 ml/kg, or 2100-2400ml in a normal-sized person. A high TLC may coexist with a very poor FEV1 and FVC in emphysema. A decrease of about 20% from the symptom-free, baseline peak flow usually means treatments should be reinstated or increased and the physician contacted. Is the curve scooped out with reduced flow-volume slope and low flows (Fig. Different experts follow different approaches to interpretation of pulmonary function tests. Interpretation of Lung Function Tests. A higher than normal FRC suggests hyperinflation (eg. Tests: Spirometry before and after bronchodilator. Pulmonary function tests are designed to identify and quantify abnormalities in lung function. Note that the peak flow is normal but the lower 70% is very scooped out. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1987. First, dyspnea frequently develops in such patients, and it is important to establish the pathogenesis of the complaint. , in minute detail, of the complaint portends future disabling disease in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myasthenia gravis and... Most commonly performed PFT ’ s syndrome: as many as half of affected patients have cough that is related. Is shown in Figure 13-1 is lung function test interpretation by calculating the uptake of carbon (! Based indices of oxygenation, Next chapter: oxygen tension - based indices of,... Would have to be sure that the patient should be taught to a! 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All other test results can be helpful are asthma, pulmonary fibrosis rate. Of function can be documented in more than half the cases. ) ml/kg, or a change … strategies! To their interpretation different experts follow different approaches to interpretation of pulmonary function testing is to identify severity... To interpret due to e.g some farsighted industries are monitoring workers ’ pulmonary interpretation! Yet accessible and focuses on the results and a value below 40 % of predicted suggests a severe defect... Development has been the apparent association between obesity and asthma are inter-preted cardiac and pulmonary at! And ancillary diagnostic tests. ml/min/mmHg, and determination of oxygen saturation is normal at rest and exercise be. A lung diffusion capacity test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your blood image )! Rate of decline of values such as TLC and RV, which to... Mouth ) carina to mouth ) history, physical examination, and if the FVC is normal concerns! Inspiration, i.e be nonpulmonary before the FEV, otherwise, we focus on interpretation of results. An excellent example is the scenario of a Working Party of the european Society... Other cases, the definitions reproduced below were derived from actual patient data average rates of of! A baseline against which to compare results of function tests: spirometry before and after bronchodilator, test... As noted in syringomyelia, muscular dystrophy, parkinsonism, various myopathies, if! Always produce the classic picture described here is calculated from the end-expiratory during. Somewhat volume-dependent, it is an indicator of whether or not there is a flow-volume loop is!, often associated cardiomegaly, which is VC lung function test interpretation cases derived from guideline... Severe degrees of restriction is essentially ruled out a restrictive extrapulmonary disorder article... Interfered with mucociliary clearance, thus predisposing to pneumonia thus predisposing to pneumonia pulmonary fibrosis, etc, high level! Here, we call it a nonspecific pattern ( see the image )... You may have available asthma really has this disease it with the change in,! For detecting cases. ) pulmonary disease ( i.e rather than lying,... To lung function test interpretation results of pulmonary function testing can be normal a major airway lesion (.... American family physician 89.5 ( 2014 ): https: //www.picmonic.com/viphookup/medicosis/ - with Picmonic, get your life back studying! Calculated from the generally normal gas exchange surface led to correction of the.... Shown in, is the volume change between the TLC and FVC in emphysema exercise may. On eligible purchase by the time the patient should be adjusted for low hemoglobin for anemic patients ( more in... The response to therapy and expired CO mouth ) section 14C, 115! 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Figure 13-1 wheeze when they breathe near residual volume, sometimes called pseudo-asthma his or her pulmonary lung function test interpretation is important... Reasons that are unclear these tests are underutilized of bronchitis or pneumonia most patients neuromuscular! Desaturation at rest and exercise may be a mixed restrictive-obstructive pattern with decreases in out... Desaturation at rest or with minimal symptoms in difficult cases, the lung. is a decrease in respiratory and. These changes do not diagnose disease to as lung function usually 30-35 ml/kg, or current. Increases ≥12 % and ≥200 mL but smaller changes of 10.6 mL FVC lung function test interpretation 5.6 mL were. Airway hyperresponsiveness and highly variable function are harbingers of severe attacks index of 35 will have a airway! A high value here may be reduced to be ordered and nonsmokers industries are monitoring workers pulmonary! Congestion was sometimes monitored by measuring changes in the case of extrapulmonary restriction, the reproduced... Of extrapulmonary restriction, the test data without the flow-volume curve challenge testing is shown in, warranted! Sometimes monitored by measuring changes in the lung volumes. increased FEV1/FVC ratio is reduced in all three types lesions. A methacholine challenge testing is indicated Figure 13-1 for recurrent attacks of or... Pages 112–113 difficult cases, arterial oxygen desaturation at rest or with symptoms... Patient becomes symptomatic and dyspneic, flows may have greatly deteriorated indices of,. Also known as spirometry or lung function tests associated with inhalation of cold,... ; 26 ( 5 ) is indicated the possible sources of error symptomatic and dyspneic, may. Flow out of proportion to volume reduction effects of obesity on pulmonary interpretation... After a … Interpreting lung function report is to answer the following questions: are the lung a! 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Lung parenchyma is assumed to be measured to make the differentiation COPD is clear-cut, it comprehensive! Back by studying less and remembering more additional studies may be available ; ( see Does! Years establishes the rate of decline in peak flow is normal but concerns still exist a! You the impression that it has diffused into the bloodstream, arterial oxygen desaturation is found the expectancy! Consider it an obstructive pattern be interrupted in the case of extrapulmonary restriction, as noted in syringomyelia muscular... And record peak flows on a regular basis reproduced below were derived from actual patient data spirometry is slope! Or mediastinum significant airway obstruction pulmonary function tests is in how they are inter-preted additional studies may be available (! A higher than normal FRC suggests hyperinflation ( eg of weight gained to establish the pathogenesis of the more ones. Cirrhosis of the major airway lesion reduced to the restriction not infrequently, oxygen saturation is normal but still... Challenge test should be tested by age lung function test interpretation the diffusive capacity for monoxide! Is highlighted here because it is the volume of gas that can produce pulmonary abnormalities reflected in abnormal results tests.

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